Immersion cooling arrangements for electronic devices

ABSTRACT

An electronics cooling arrangement includes a housing configured to contain a coolant and an electronic device disposed within the housing. The electronic device has a passageway with at least one inlet and at least one outlet and is configured to allow fluid flowing between the inlet and the outlet to cool the electronic device.

FEDERAL RESEARCH STATEMENT

This invention was made with government support with the NationalSecurity Agency under Contract No. H98230-13-C-1037. The government hascertain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to electrical systems, and moreparticularly to heat removal from electronic devices using immersioncooling.

2. Description of Related Art

Vehicular electrical systems, such as aircraft electrical systems,commonly include power-consuming electronic devices like batterycharging modules, power converters, and motor controllers. Electricalpower applied to such electronic devices generates heat, generally fromresistive heating of current-carrying components like windings,conductive traces, and power electronics. In some electrical systems theheat generated can require cooling provisioning selected according tothe amount of heat generated by the electronic device during operation,examples of common cooling provisioning including conduction cooling,natural convection cooling, radiation cooling, forced-air cooling, andliquid cooling.

As the power density of electronic devices increases from parts becomingsmaller and/or increased speed, heat removal through liquid cooling hasreceived attention. Liquid cooling generally entails coupling a coolantsource to an electronic device through input and return conduits,coolant typically flowing to and from the coolant source in a closedloop arrangement to cool the electronic device. The input and returnconduits typically require sealing at the electronic device to retainthe coolant in the closed loop coolant circuit.

Such conventional methods and systems have generally been consideredsatisfactory for their intended purpose. However, there is still a needin the art for improved electronic device cooling arrangements andmethods of cooling electronic devices. The present disclosure provides asolution for this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An electronics cooling arrangement includes a housing configured tocontain a coolant and an electronic device disposed within the housing.The electronic device has a passageway with at least one inlet and atleast one outlet and is configured to allow fluid flowing between theinlet and the outlet to cool the electronic device.

In certain embodiments, the housing can be a sealed housing. The coolantcan include a dielectric coolant, such as a fluorocarbon. The electroniccomponent can be submerged within the dielectric coolant. The electroniccomponent can be disposed within the housing in an immersion coolingarrangement. A pump can be fluid communication with the passageway ofthe electronic device through the inlet or the outlet. The pump can becontained within the housing. The pump can be submerged within thecoolant. The pump can be configured to urge coolant through thepassageway. A control module can be operatively connected to the pump tourge fluid through the passageway according to heat generation by theelectronic device.

In accordance with certain embodiments, the electronic device can defineat least one of the inlet, the passageway, and the outlet. One or moreof the inlet, the passageway, and the outlet can be submerged within thecoolant. A hypodermic needle segment can fluidly couple the inlet withpassageway of the electronic device. The inlet and the outlet can be influid communication with one another through the housing and externallyto the passageway.

It is also contemplated that, in accordance with certain embodiments, avent or small channel can be in fluid communication with the passageway.The vent or small channel can be disposed fluidly between the inlet andthe passageway. A plenum can be defined within the electronic devicefluidly connected between the inlet and the vent or small channel. Theelectronic device can include an integrated circuit exposed to aninterior of the housing. The electronic device includes an integratedcircuit bounding the passageway.

An immersion cooling arrangement includes a sealed housing, a dielectriccoolant disposed within the housing, and an electronic device disposedwithin the housing. The electronic device has a passageway with at leastone inlet and at least one outlet. The inlet is submerged within thedielectric coolant, the outlet is submerged within the dielectriccoolant, and the inlet and the outlet are in fluid communication withone another externally of the passageway through an interior of thesealed housing.

A method of cooling an electronic device includes introducing fluid froman interior of a housing into a passageway defined by the electronicdevice, flowing fluid through the passageway, and transferring heat fromthe electronic device to the fluid flowing through the passageway. Incertain embodiments, the method can include generating heat using anelectronic device disposed within the housing. The method can includeflowing heated coolant from the passageway into the interior of thehousing. The method can include pumping coolant through the passageway.

These and other features of the systems and methods of the subjectdisclosure will become more readily apparent to those skilled in the artfrom the following detailed description of the preferred embodimentstaken in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that those skilled in the art to which the subject disclosureappertains will readily understand how to make and use the devices andmethods of the subject disclosure without undue experimentation,embodiments thereof will be described in detail herein below withreference to certain figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an exemplary embodiment of an immersioncooled electronics arrangement constructed in accordance with thepresent disclosure, showing an electronics cooling arrangement includingan electronic device submerged in coolant within a sealed housing;

FIG. 2 is a exploded view of an embodiment of the immersion cooledelectronics arrangement of FIG. 1, showing an integrated circuitconnected to a printed circuit board (PCB) with the passageway in fluidcommunication with the PCB; and

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the immersioncooled electronics arrangement of FIG. 1, showing an integrated circuitconnected to a PCB with the passageway fluidly isolated from the PCB.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made to the drawings wherein like referencenumerals identify similar structural features or aspects of the subjectdisclosure. For purposes of explanation and illustration, and notlimitation, a partial view of an exemplary embodiment of an immersioncooled electronic arrangement in accordance with the disclosure is shownin FIG. 1 and is designated generally by reference character 100. Otherembodiments of immersion cooled electronic assemblies in accordance withthe disclosure, or aspects thereof, are provided in FIGS. 2 and 3, aswill be described. The systems and methods described herein can be usedfor cooling electronic devices in aircraft electrical systems like motorcontrollers, though the present disclosure is not limited to motorcontrollers or to aircraft electrical systems in general.

Referring to FIG. 1, electronics cooling arrangement 100 is shown.Electronics cooling arrangement 100 includes a housing 102 configured tocontain a fluid 104, also referred to herein as coolant, and anelectronic device 106 disposed within housing 102. Electronic device 106has a passageway 108 with at least one inlet 110 and at least one outlet112, and is configured to allow fluid, e.g. coolant 104, flowing betweeninlet 110 and outlet 112 to cool electronic device 106. It iscontemplated that housing 102 be sealed with respect to the externalenvironment. Coolant 104 is sealably contained within housing 102. It iscontemplated that coolant 104 may be hermetically sealed within housing102.

Coolant 104 may include dielectric coolant. Coolant 104 may be athermally conductive, fluorocarbon-based coolant. Examples of suitabledielectric materials include perfluorohexane (FC-72), perfluoro (FC-75),and/or perfluorotripentylamine (FC-70). FC-72, FC-75, and FC-70 areavailable under the trade name Flourinert® from the 3M Company ofMaplewood, Minn.

Coolant 104 includes vapor phase coolant and liquid phase coolant. Vaporphase coolant occupies an ullage space 114 defined in an upper portion(relative to gravity) of housing 102. Liquid phase coolant occupies alower portion (relative to the direction of gravity) of housing 102. Aliquid surface 116 separates liquid phase coolant from vapor phasecoolant, bounding ullage space 114. As will be appreciated by those ofskill in the art, coolant 104 has vapor state to liquid state ratioaccording to an amount of liquid state coolant evaporated into vaporstate coolant from heat transferred into coolant 104.

A condenser 118 is disposed within ullage space 114. A heat exchanger120 is disposed externally of housing 102 and is thermal communicationwith condenser 118 such that vapor phase coolant from electronic device106 comes into contact with condenser 118, cools by transferring heat toheat exchanger 120 through condenser 118 such that vapor phase coolantreturns to liquid phase, and returns to the lower portion of housing102. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment condenser 118 is fixedagainst interior surface opposite heat exchanger 120. Both condenser 118and heat exchanger 120 include one or more fins to increase surface areato facilitate heat transfer between condenser 118 and heat exchanger120.

In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, electronic device 106 isdisposed within housing 102 and submerged within coolant 104. In thisrespect electronic device 106 is submerged within coolant 104 such thatcoolant 104 boils off hot components of electronic device 106. Theboiled coolant travels to condenser 118 wherein it condenses into aliquid form by transferring heat to condenser 118 and heat exchanger120. It is contemplated that electronic device 106 can be disposedwithin housing 102 is an immersion cooling arrangement. It is alsocontemplated that one or more of inlet 110, passageway 108, and outlet112 can be submerged within coolant 104. In contemplated embodiments,outlet 112 may open directly into ullage space 114, a portion ofelectronic device 106 being disposed above liquid surface 116.

In embodiments an optional pump 122 is in fluid communication withpassageway 108. Pump 122 disposed within an interior of housing 102 andis in fluid communication with passageway 108. In the illustratedexemplary embodiment, pump 122 is submerged within coolant 104 and is influid communication with inlet 110, which is in turn discharged intointerior 128 of housing 102 after traversing passageway 108. A supplyconduit 123 fluidly connects pump 122 to inlet 110, pump 122 therebybeing arranged to provide a flow of pressurized coolant to passageway108. This allows coolant to be pumped from submerged pump 122 intopassageway 108, which may include a microchannel cooler, and thereafterbe discharged into interior 128 of housing 102 after traversing themicrochannel cooler. In certain embodiments pump 122 is connected bysupply conduit 123 to outlet 112, pump 122 thereby being arranged todraw heated coolant from passageway 108.

A control module 130 can be operatively connected with pump 122. Thecontrol module 130 can be communicative with a sensor 132 disposedwithin housing 102 and can be configured to selectively operate pump 122according to the need to provide additional coolant to electronic device106. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment sensor 132 is a temperaturetransducer that is thermally communicative with electronic device 106,such as by being affixed to electronic device 106. This can improveefficiency, coolant being forced through passageway 108 only whenoperation of electronic device 106 requires additional cooling,improving efficiency of electronics cooling arrangement 100.

In embodiments that do not employ the pump 122, the passageway 108 canbe oriented vertically relative to the direction of gravity such thatfluid flow through the passageway 108 is induced by heat rise of thefluid from the electronic device 106. Increases in heat of the fluidcause a reduction in density of the fluid causing it to rise through thepassageway 108 and to exit the outlet 112 into the interior 128 of thehousing 102. This movement of fluid causes a decrease in pressure withinthe passageway 108 that draws fluid from the interior 128 of the housing102 via the inlet 110 into the passageway 108. In certain embodiments,passageway 108 can be in fluid communication with pump 122 and beoriented vertically, thereby reducing the amount of power required bypump 122 due to the tendency of heated fluid to rise in passageway 108.

With reference to FIG. 2, electronic device 106 is shown. Electronicdevice 106 includes a printed circuit board (PCB) 134 and an integratedcircuit 136, which may include a chip package 138. In the illustratedexemplary embodiment PCB 134 defines inlet 110 and a hypodermic needlesegment 140 is fixed to PCB 134. Chip package 138 defines passageway 108and outlet 112. Integrated circuit 136 couples to PCB 134 such thathypodermic needle segment 140 connects inlet 110 with passageway 108,inlet 110 thereby being in fluid communication with passageway 108.

Hypodermic needle segment 140 simplifies assembly of PCB 134 andintegrated circuit 136 because hypodermic needle segment 140 pierceseither PCB 134 or chip package 138 to fluidly couple each to the other,opening the alignment tolerance of PCB 134 and chip package 138 duringassembly. Moreover, due to the immersion of electronic device 106 withinfluid 104 within housing 102, there is no need to seal the aperturecreated by penetration of hypodermic needle 140 into chip package 138 asany leakage about aperture/hypodermic needle interface returns to theinterior of housing 102. Although illustrated as fixed to PCB 134 andextending into chip package 138, it is to be appreciated and understoodthat hypodermic needle 140 can be fixed to chip package 138 and canextend into PCB 134.

Passageway 108 is in turn in fluid communication with outlet 112 throughchip package 138 such that coolant flowing therethrough flows acrossheated surfaces of integrated circuit 136. Outlet 112 is in fluidcommunication with inlet 110 external of passageway 108 through aninterior 128 of housing 102 (shown in FIG. 1). Passageway 108 mayinclude a microchannel cooler that, in certain embodiments, providesdirect access for coolant entering inlet 110 to heated surfaces withinintegrated circuit 136 for removing heat therefrom.

As coolant flows through inlet 110, passageway 108, and outlet 112 heattransfers between integrated circuit 136 and the flowing coolant.Operation of pump 122 (shown in FIG. 1) enables use of integratedcircuit 136 at higher heat loads because coolant flowing throughpassageway 108 increases the rate of heat transfer between the coolantand electronic device 106. In certain embodiments, operation of pump 122may be selective. For example, pump 122 may provide a fluid flow toinlet 110 only during time intervals when heat generation fromintegrated circuit 124 exceeds the capability of the immersion coolingarrangement to provide sufficient cooling, increasing efficiency of theillustrated exemplary cooling arrangement. As will be appreciated bythose of skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, becauseinlet 110 is disposed within PCB 134, coolant provided to the electronicdevice 106 also cools low power elements (relative to integrated circuit124) fixed to (or integrated in) PCB 134, such as trace 142 by way ofnon-limiting example.

With reference to FIG. 3, a second embodiment of an electronic device206 is shown. Electronic device 206 is similar to electronic device 106,and additionally includes an inlet 210 defined by chip package 238. Aconduit 223 fluidly coupled to pump 122 (shown in FIG. 1) is in fluidcommunication with inlet 210. Inlet 210 is in fluid communication with aplenum 244, which is in fluid communication with passageway 208.Passageway 208 is in turn bounded by integrated circuit 236 and is fluidcommunication with interior 228 through outlet 212. Plenum 244 is alsoin fluid communication with interior 228 of housing 102 (shown inFIG. 1) through a vent 246 occupied by a porous body or small channelthat is configured and adapted to allow vapor phase fluid to traversevent 246 while resisting liquid phase fluid, reducing (or preventing)the introduction of vapor phase coolant into passageway 208. Asillustrated in FIG. 3, chip package 238 may be fixed on a PCB 234.

A method of cooling an electronic device, e.g., electronic device 106(shown in FIG. 1) includes introducing fluid, e.g., liquid phase coolant104 (shown in FIG. 1), from an interior of a housing, e.g., housing 102(shown in FIG. 1) into a passageway, e.g., passageway 108 (shown inFIG. 1) defined by the electronic device. The fluid is flowed throughthe passageway, as shown in exemplary manner by the coolant flow arrowshown in FIG. 2, and heat is transferred from the electronic device tothe fluid flowing, as shown with bubbles in coolant discharged from thepassageway. In certain embodiments, the method can include generatingheat using the electronic device while disposed within the housing. Themethod can include flowing heated coolant from the passageway into theinterior of the housing. The method can include pumping coolant throughthe passageway, e.g., using pump 122 (shown in FIG. 1).

As devices like computer chips become smaller and faster, cooling canpresent challenges. In embodiments described herein, a microchannelcooler is embedded within an electronic component like a chip that isitself immersed within dielectric coolant, the microchannel coolerdirecting a flow of coolant to one or more heat-generating surfaces ofthe electronic component in the immersion cooling arrangement. Thissimplifies the cooling arrangement of the chip by reducing oreliminating the need for supply and return conduits from themicrochannel cooler to a coolant source. Hermetic sealing to the chipitself can be eliminated as the housing of the immersion coolingarrangement provides hermetic sealing for the coolant.

In certain embodiments, the electronic arrangement includes one or moreof a PCB and an integrated circuit submerged within dielectric coolantin a sealed housing. This allows the dielectric coolant to boil off theheat-generating components both from surfaces bounded by the interior ofthe sealed housing as well as surfaces bounded by the microchannelcooler. Optionally, a pump can provide flow of dielectric coolant to themicrochannel cooler, increasing the flow of coolant to theheat-generating component, thereby increasing heat transfer from theheat-generating component within the submerged environment. Thisprovides the benefits microchannel cooler coolant delivery without addedcomplexity of the plumbing and seal arrangements that would otherwise benecessary to realize the benefits of the arrangement because hermeticsealing of the dielectric cooling is provided by the housing, and notthe microchannel to chip interface. In addition, the arrangementprovides cooling to the PCB mounting the cooled chip, which otherwisewould be isolated from the coolant provided to the chip.

The methods and systems of the present disclosure, as described aboveand shown in the drawings, provide for immersion cooled electronicdevices with superior properties including simplified assembly owing toreduced need for sealing on integrated circuit devices cooled withdielectric coolant as the housing provides sealing. While the apparatusand methods of the subject disclosure have been shown and described withreference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art willreadily appreciate that changes and/or modifications may be made theretowithout departing from the scope of the subject disclosure.

1. (canceled)
 2. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited in claim4, wherein the inlet and the outlet are in fluid communication with oneanother externally of the passageway through an interior of the housing.3. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited in claim 4, furtherincluding a vent or small channel in fluid communication with thepassageway and disposed between the inlet and the outlet.
 4. Anelectronics cooling arrangement, comprising: a housing configured tocontain a coolant; an electronic device disposed within the housinghaving a passageway with at least one inlet and at least one outlet, thepassageway being configured to allow fluid flowing between the inlet andthe outlet to cool the electronic device; and a plenum defined withinthe electronic device fluidly connected between the inlet and the ventor small channel.
 5. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited inclaim 4, further including a pump in fluid communication with thepassageway.
 6. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited in claim5, wherein the pump is configured to urge fluid through the passageway.7. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited in claim 5, whereinthe pump is contained within the housing.
 8. The electronics coolingarrangement as recited in claim 5, further including a control moduleoperatively connected with the pump and configured to selectivelyoperate the pump according to heat generated by the electronic device.9. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited in claim 4, whereinthe electronic device defines at least one of the inlet, the passageway,and the outlet.
 10. The electronics cooling arrangement as recited inclaim 4, wherein the housing is a sealed housing.
 11. The electronicscooling arrangement as recited in claim 4, further including adielectric coolant.
 12. The electronics cooling arrangement as recitedin claim 11, wherein the electronic component being submerged within aliquid phase of the dielectric coolant.
 13. The electronics coolingarrangement as recited in claim 4, wherein one or more of the inlet, thepassageway, and the outlet are submerged within a coolant containedwithin the housing.
 14. The electronics cooling arrangement as recitedin claim 4, wherein the electronic device includes an integrated circuitexposed to an interior of the housing.
 15. The electronics coolingarrangement as recited in claim 4, wherein the electronic deviceincludes an integrated circuit bounding the passageway.
 16. Theelectronics cooling arrangement as recited in claim 4, furthercomprising a hypodermic needle segment fluidly coupling the inlet withpassageway.
 17. An immersion cooling arrangement, comprising: a sealedhousing; a dielectric coolant disposed within the housing; an electronicdevice disposed within the housing having a passageway with at least oneinlet and at least one outlet; and a plenum defined within theelectronic device fluidly connected between the inlet and the vent orsmall channel, wherein the inlet is submerged within the dielectriccoolant, wherein the outlet is submerged within the dielectric coolant,and wherein the inlet and the outlet are in fluid communication with oneanother externally of the passageway through an interior of the housing.18. A method of cooling an electronic device, comprising: introducingfluid from an interior of a housing into a passageway defined by theelectronic device; flowing fluid through the passageway; andtransferring heat from the electronic device to the fluid flowingthrough the passageway, wherein flowing fluid through the passagewayincludes flowing fluid through a plenum defined within the electronicdevice fluidly connected between the inlet and the vent or smallchannel.
 19. The method of cooling an electronic device as recited inclaim 18, further comprising flowing heated coolant from the passagewayinto the interior of the housing.
 20. The method of cooling anelectronic device as recited in claim 18, further comprising pumpingcoolant through the passageway.
 21. The method as recited in claim 18,further including flowing fluid between the external environment and thepassageway through a vent or small channel in fluid communication withthe passageway and disposed between the inlet and the outlet